Total transcriptome, proteome, and allergome of Johnson grass pollen, which is important for allergic rhinitis in subtropical regions

Background Genomic data are lacking for many allergen sources. To circumvent this limitation, we implemented a strategy to reveal the repertoire of pollen allergens of a grass with clinical importance in subtropical regions, where an increasing proportion of the world's population resides. Objective We sought to identify and immunologically characterize the allergenic components of the Panicoideae Johnson grass pollen (JGP; Sorghum halepense). Methods The total pollen transcriptome, proteome, and allergome of JGP were documented. Serum IgE reactivities with pollen and purified allergens were assessed in 64 patients with grass pollen allergy from a subtropical region. Results Purified Sor h 1 and Sor h 13 were identified as clinically important allergen components of JGP with serum IgE reactivity in 49 (76%) and 28 (43.8%), respectively, of patients with grass pollen allergy. Within whole JGP, multiple cDNA transcripts and peptide spectra belonging to grass pollen allergen families 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, and 25 were identified. Pollen allergens restricted to subtropical grasses (groups 22-24) were also present within the JGP transcriptome and proteome. Mass spectrometry confirmed the IgE-reactive components of JGP included isoforms of Sor h 1, Sor h 2, Sor h 13, and Sor h 23. Conclusion Our integrated molecular approach revealed qualitative differences between the allergenic components of JGP and temperate grass pollens. Knowledge of these newly identified allergens has the potential to improve specific diagnosis and allergen immunotherapy treatment for patients with grass pollen allergy in subtropical regions and reduce the burden of allergic respiratory disease globally.

Grass pollen allergens globally: The contribution of subtropical grasses to burden of allergic respiratory diseases

Grass pollens of the temperate (Pooideae) subfamily and subtropical subfamilies of grasses are major aeroallergen sources worldwide. The subtropical Chloridoideae (e.g. Cynodon dactylon; Bermuda grass) and Panicoideae (e.g. Paspalum notatum; Bahia grass) species are abundant in parts of Africa, India, Asia, Australia and the Americas, where a large and increasing proportion of the world's population abide. These grasses are phylogenetically and ecologically distinct from temperate grasses. With the advent of global warming, it is conceivable that the geographic distribution of subtropical grasses and the contribution of their pollen to the burden of allergic rhinitis and asthma will increase. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current global knowledge of (i) regional variation in allergic sensitivity to subtropical grass pollens, (ii) molecular allergenic components of subtropical grass pollens and (iii) allergic responses to subtropical grass pollen allergens in relevant populations. Patients from subtropical regions of the world show higher allergic sensitivity to grass pollens of Chloridoideae and Panicoideae grasses, than to temperate grass pollens. The group 1 allergens are amongst the allergen components of subtropical grass pollens, but the group 5 allergens, by which temperate grass pollen extracts are standardized for allergen content, appear to be absent from both subfamilies of subtropical grasses. Whilst there are shared allergenic components and antigenic determinants, there are additional clinically relevant subfamily-specific differences, at T- and B-cell levels, between pollen allergens of subtropical and temperate grasses. Differential immune recognition of subtropical grass pollens is likely to impact upon the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy of patients who are primarily sensitized to subtropical grass pollens. The literature reviewed herein highlights the clinical need to standardize allergen preparations for both types of subtropical grass pollens to achieve optimal diagnosis and treatment of patients with allergic respiratory disease in subtropical regions of the world. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Immunologische Effekte von nativen Allergenen im Vergleich zu modifizierten Allergenen

Die Prävalenz allergischer Erkrankungen ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten, insbesondere in den Industriestaaten, stetig angestiegen und schreitet weiterhin fort. Die einzige kausale Therapie, die eine Langzeitwirkung verspricht und der Entwicklung neuer Allergien bzw. dem Fortschreiten der Allergie vorbeugen kann, ist die spezifische Immuntherapie (SIT). Da bei der SIT mit natürlichen Allergenextrakten Nebenwirkungen auftreten können, ist es wichtig Alternativen für diese zu finden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden native Allergene mit modifizierten Allergenen hinsichtlich ihrer Allergenität und Immunogenität verglichen. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass Glutaraldehyd-modifizierte Allergoide im Vergleich zu nativen Allergenextrakten und Formaldehyd-Allergoiden eine verminderte Allergenität besitzen, was sich z.B. durch den verminderten Release der Allergiemediatoren, den Leukotrienen, durch Basophile allergischer Spender zeigte. Gleichzeitig war allerdings die Fähigkeit Glutaraldehyd-Allergoid-behandelter dendritischer Zellen (DC) autologe CD4+ T-Zellen zu stimulieren stark reduziert. Verglichen mit den nativen Allergenextrakten und den Formaldehyd-Allergoiden waren die Zytokinproduktion und die T-Zellproliferation, für letztere signifikant, vermindert. Damit übereinstimmend war die Aufnahme von Fluoreszenz-markierten Glutaraldehyd-Allergoiden in unreife DC reduziert. Daraus lässt sich schießen, dass die Modifizierung mit Glutaraldehyd, jedoch nicht mit Formaldehyd, zumindest bei den hier verwendeten Allergenpräparaten, B-Zell-Epitope zerstört und somit die Allergenität herabgesetzt wurde. Allerdings war dabei gleichzeitig die Immunogenität vermindert. Das verminderte Vorkommen der B-Zell-Epitope wäre beim Einsatz der Allergoide von Vorteil, da damit eine verminderte IgE-Bindekapazität einhergeht und unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen reduziert werden können. Jedoch sollte im günstigsten Fall bei der Allergoidisierung die T-Zell-Stimulationsfähigkeit intakt bleiben, was bei den hier verwendeten Glutaraldehyd-modifizierten Allergoiden nicht der Fall war. rnMit Einzelallergenen aus Birken- und Gräserpollen konnten keine vergleichbaren T-Zellantworten erzielt werden wie mit den Gesamtallergenextrakten. Auch hier waren Proliferation und Zytokinproduktion durch CD4+ T-Zellen nach Stimulation mit Einzelallergen-gepulsten DC bei Verwendung von Glutaraldehyd-modifizierten Allergoiden vermindert. rnEine adjuvante Wirkung von Aluminiumhydroxid (Alum) in vitro konnte in dieser Arbeit nicht eindeutig gezeigt werden. Zunächst konnte beobachtet werden, dass die eingesetzten Alum-adsorbierten Allergene und Allergoide eine toxische Wirkung auf DC hatten. Die Proliferation CD4+ T-Zellen konnte durch DC, die mit Alum-adsorbierten Allergenen behandelt wurden, nicht verstärkt werden, verglichen mit DC, die mit unadsorbiertem Allergen gepulst wurden. Es konnte lediglich eine erhöhte Produktion des Th2 Zytokins IL-4 durch Alum induziert werden. Einen Adjuvanteffekt, der in Zusammenhang mit der Induktion des pro-inflammatorischen Zytokins IL-1β stehen soll, konnte mittels ELISA in den Überständen unreifer DC nicht nachgewiesen werden. Lediglich in Monozyten, die zusätzlich mit dem TLR-Ligand LPS stimuliert wurden, war IL-1β in den Überständen detektierbar. Auf mRNA-Ebene konnte man einen leichten Effekt durch Alum hinsichtlich der IL-1β Expression erkennen. Nach zusätzlicher Gabe verschiedener Alum-Präparationen zu unreifen DC, die mit Allergen oder LPS stimuliert wurden, exprimierten diese leicht verstärkt IL-1β verglichen mit DC, die kein Alum erhielten.

Frequent sensitization to Candida albicans and profilins in adult eosinophilic esophagitis

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is often associated with atopic airway and skin diseases. More than 80% of EoE patients are sensitized to aero- and/or food allergens. Immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated immune responses to microbes have been reported to be deleterious in connection with atopic diseases. AIM: The aim of this study was to obtain a comprehensive overview about the sensitization spectrum of adult EoE patients. METHODS: IgE in sera of 35 patients with active EoE were analyzed for reactivity to Candida albicans, as well as to a panel of recombinant and purified natural allergen components, using a microarray. RESULTS: IgE sensitization to Candida albicans was found in 43% of EoE patients. More than 80% of EoE patients were sensitized to aeroallergens and 22% to food-specific allergen components, whereas 69% of the patients exhibited specific IgE to cross-reactive allergens. Among the latter, profilins were identified as most frequent IgE cross-reactive allergen components. Interestingly, dysphagia, the main symptom of adult EoE patients following rice and/or bread ingestion, was associated with sensitization to cross-reactive allergens such as profilins, pathogenesis-related (PR) 10 and lipid transfer proteins (LTP). Intolerance toward meat rarely correlated with sensitization to animal food allergens. CONCLUSION: Candida albicans and cross-reactive plant allergen components, in particular profilins, were identified as frequent sensitizers in adult EoE patients. Specific elimination therapies are suggested to reveal their actual roles in the pathogenesis of EoE.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is characterized by a non-IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic disease characterized clinically by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and histologically by eosinophil-predominant inflammation. EoE is frequently associated with concomitant atopic diseases and immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization to food allergens in children as well as to aeroallergens and cross-reactive plant allergen components in adults. Patients with EoE respond well to elemental and empirical food elimination diets. Recent research has, however, indicated that the pathogenesis of EoE is distinct from IgE-mediated food allergy. In this review, we discuss the individual roles of epithelial barrier defects, dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses, and of microbiota in the pathogenesis of EoE. Although food has been recognized as a trigger factor of EoE, the mechanism by which it initiates or facilitates eosinophilic inflammation appears to be largely independent of IgE and needs to be further investigated. Understanding the pathogenic role of food in EoE is a prerequisite for the development of specific diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutic procedures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Challenges for Allergy Diagnosis in Regions with Complex Pollen Exposures

Over the past few decades, significant scientific progress has influenced clinical allergy practice. The biological standardization of extracts was followed by the massive identification and characterization of new allergens and their progressive use as diagnostic tools including allergen micro arrays that facilitate the simultaneous testing of more than 100 allergen components. Specific diagnosis is the basis of allergy practice and is always aiming to select the best therapeutic or avoidance intervention. As a consequence, redundant or irrelevant information might be adding unnecessary cost and complexity to daily clinical practice. A rational use of the different diagnostic alternatives would allow a significant improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic patients, especially for those residing in complex pollen exposure areas.

Reactivity of IgE to the allergen hyaluronidase from Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) venom

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Components of learning and assessment in linear algebra

Linear algebra provides theory and technology that are the cornerstones of a range of cutting edge mathematical applications, from designing computer games to complex industrial problems, as well as more traditional applications in statistics and mathematical modelling. Once past introductions to matrices and vectors, the challenges of balancing theory, applications and computational work across mathematical and statistical topics and problems are considerable, particularly given the diversity of abilities and interests in typical cohorts. This paper considers two such cohorts in a second level linear algebra course in different years. The course objectives and materials were almost the same, but some changes were made in the assessment package. In addition to considering effects of these changes, the links with achievement in first year courses are analysed, together with achievement in a following computational mathematics course. Some results that may initially appear surprising provide insight into the components of student learning in linear algebra.

Data mining for lifetime prediction of metallic components

The ability to accurately predict the lifetime of building components is crucial to optimizing building design, material selection and scheduling of required maintenance. This paper discusses a number of possible data mining methods that can be applied to do the lifetime prediction of metallic components and how different sources of service life information could be integrated to form the basis of the lifetime prediction model

The user query based learning system for lifetime prediction of metallic components

Real-World Data Mining Applications generally do not end up with the creation of the models. The use of the model is the final purpose especially in prediction tasks. The problem arises when the model is built based on much more information than that the user can provide in using the model. As a result, the performance of model reduces drastically due to many missing attributes values. This paper develops a new learning system framework, called as User Query Based Learning System (UQBLS), for building data mining models best suitable for users use. We demonstrate its deployment in a real-world application of the lifetime prediction of metallic components in buildings